Concussion FAQ

A concussion is a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces. It results from direct blows to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere with an impulsive force transmitted to the head. Loss of consciousness is not required for diagnosis — fewer than 20% of concussions involve it.

Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, neck pain, nausea or vomiting, balance problems, difficulty concentrating, feeling "foggy," confusion, memory issues, visual disturbances (blurred or double vision), irritability, ear ringing, drowsiness, and feeling generally "off." Symptoms may appear immediately or be delayed.

The brain accelerates then rapidly decelerates within the skull, stretching nerve fibers and altering metabolic pathways. Despite symptoms, standard imaging typically shows no structural damage. A neurometabolic cascade occurs, triggering an energy crisis that can last minutes to weeks and produces physical, cognitive, behavioural, and emotional symptoms.

Most symptoms resolve within days to weeks, though some persist for months. Vulnerable populations include children, adolescents, those with multiple recent concussions, and individuals with a history of migraine, depression, ADHD, learning disabilities, or sleep disorders. Persistent symptoms beyond 3–4 weeks warrant reassessment by a healthcare provider trained in concussion management.

Second Impact Syndrome is a rare but serious consequence of sustaining a second concussion before fully recovering from the first. It can cause rapid brain swelling leading to severe disability or death. No return to play or sport should occur while any concussion symptoms remain.

Yes. The metabolically dysfunctional brain is more vulnerable to subsequent trauma, and less force is needed to cause injury when a second concussion occurs close in time. However, early identification, proper management, and a gradual return-to-sport protocol significantly reduce future concussion risk.

Recognize one or more symptoms following a head impact or whiplash-type force. Symptoms may appear immediately or be delayed by hours. If someone appears abnormal, has memory difficulties, or struggles to follow instructions after a head impact, treat it as a concussion and remove them from activity. No same-day return to play.

Return timing depends on symptom severity and individual response — seek guidance from a healthcare provider trained in concussion management. Gradual exposure to the classroom or workplace is encouraged before full symptom resolution. Accommodations such as shorter days, reduced workload, and frequent breaks can support early return and should be phased out as recovery progresses.

A graduated exercise program progresses from light aerobic activity (such as walking or cycling) through increasingly intense workouts to sport-specific practice and full contact, contingent on symptom tolerance at each step. If symptoms worsen during or within 24 hours of a step, return to the previous level and seek professional guidance before progressing again.